托福写作反问句使用技巧

　　托福写作想要拿到高分必须有精彩的地方，即使是一个小小的反问句，也能够为我们的作文增添不少的色彩，今天我们就通过一些实例来为大家具体的讲解一下反问句的使用。详细内容如下：

　　The writer's language is fluent, and varied enough to effectively support and connection of ideas. There is a variety of sentence structures, including rhetorical questions.

　　评卷人把rhetorical questions看做加分点!

　　从上面的点评中我们可以清楚的得出这个结论--至少评卷人把上述段落中的反问句视作一种“句型变化”而加以肯定和褒扬。

　　何谓rhetorical question?Rhetorical question会不会很难?

　　大家可以先看看在托福Official Guide里备受评卷人赞誉的rhetorical question实例。在原文第四段中为了说明honesty的重要性作者是这样写的：

　　In any relationship of mine, I would wish that first of all, the person I'm dealing with is honest.Even though s/he thinks that s/he did something wrong that I wouldn't like,s/he'd better tell me the truth and not lie about it. Later on if I find out about a lie or hear the truth from someone else, that'd be much more unpleasant. In that case how can I ever believe or trust that person again?How can I ever believe that this person has enough confidence in me to forgive him/her and carry on with the relationship from there.……

　　提问而不需对方回答，提问目的是表明同时强调作者的立场。这并非是汉语中的“反问”吗?维基百科对反问句的定义是：

　　A rhetorical question is a figure of speech in the form of a question thatis asked to make a point rather than to elicit an answer. Though a rhetorical question does not require a direct answer, in many cases it may beintended to start a discussion or at least draw an acknowledgement that thelistener understands the intended message.

　　还有学者对反问的定义更加清楚：

　　A rhetorical question is asked just for effect or to lay emphasison some point discussed when no real answer is expected.

　　那么rhetorical question为什么能够收到评卷人的赞誉而得到加分?这就要从托福作文的评分标准说起了。托福Official Guide里面对于高分作文的要求(Scoring Rubic)描述如下：

　　*Effectively addresses the topicand task

　　*Is well organized and well developed, appropriate explanations, and / or details

　　*Display Unity, progression, and coherence

　　*Display consistent use of language,demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity

　　从上面的评分标准可以清楚看出，rhetorical question能够帮助我们满足实现评分标准第四条中的“demonstrating syntactic variety”。这也其实是官方指南中评卷人的点评。

　　其实除了体现“句型变化”，合理使用rhetorical question还是可以帮助大家满足评分标准第一条的要求“effectively addresses the topic and task”。事实上rhetorical question不仅能够有效的回应主题，还可以强调作者的观点才能获得读者的认同。rhetorical question的这种强调作用最著名的范例可能算是雪莱《西风颂》Ode to the West Wind的结尾了：

　　“O Wind,If Winter comes,can Spring be far behind?”

　　另外问句，尤其是设问的合理使用还能起到很好的衔接作用，即是评分标准的第三条“Display Unity, progression, and coherence”。因此有学者把rhetorical question的篇章作用总结如下：

　　• Emphasize a point

　　• Persuade powerfully

　　• Influence subtly

　　• Provoke thinking

　　• Help smooth transition

　　限于篇幅对这些作用就不一一举例了。顺便说一下rhetorical question后面的标点并不一定总是question mark，有时也可以是句号或感叹号。